提高电捕焦油器安全生产运行的措施

简要叙述了电捕焦油器开工以来存在的问题,对电捕捕焦油器不能安全稳定运行的原因进行了分析,并采取改进措施。实践证明,改进工艺技术合理,方法可行,电捕焦油器运行效果达到指标要求。     

渣油－水乳化液作为路面抑尘剂的研究

为了有效抑制汽车运输路面的扬尘，选择低浓度渣油－水乳化液作为抑尘剂，通过在实验室大量的试验，掌握了一组渣油乳化的最佳配方及其制备工艺，即渣油３％－６％，乳化剂约０．５％，水９３．５％－９６．５％，制备温度＞７０℃．经过室内和现场大规模试验表明，当路面喷洒量达到２．２ｋｇ／ｍ２时，其有效抑生时间达到１０ｄ以上，并且在一定程度起到养路的作用，长期使用可取得显著的综合经济效益．     

低浓度渣油-水系乳化液的抑尘性能现场试验研究

本文介绍了作者用渣油－水系乳化液做路面抑尘剂在某矿露天坑３种不同类型路面进行的大规模工业性试验。现场测定结果表明：这种路面抑尘剂可以获得比较理想的防尘效果，长期使用该乳化液可取得显著的综合经济效益。     

上吸式生物质气化炉焦油成分的分析

文章在10 KWth上吸式生物质气化炉上进行木屑的气化实验,通过改变床层高度和气化剂空气的量,将产生的生物质焦油进行取样。经GC-MS分析得出上吸式气化炉焦油的主要成分为初级和二级焦油,其中以酚类焦油所占比重最多,大约为总量的38%~60%;在同样床高的条件下,随着空气量的增加,酚类焦油含量有所降低,但仍然是焦油中比重较大的。     

Volatile Organic Compounds from Coal Tar and Soil Vapor Samples at MGP Sites

This study characterized organic compounds found in New York State manufactured gas plant (MGP) coal tar vapors using controlled laboratory experiments from four separate MGP sites. In addition, a limited number of deep (0.3–1.2 m above coal tar) and shallow (1.2–2.4 m above coal tar) soil vapor samples were collected above the in situ coal tar source at three of these sites. A total of 29 compounds were consistently detected in the laboratory-generated coal tar vapors at 50°C, whereas 24 compounds were detected at 10°C. The compounds detected in the field sample results were inconsistent with the compounds found in the laboratory-generated samples. Concentrations of compounds in the shallow soil vapor sample were either non-detectable or substantially lower than those found in deeper samples, suggesting attenuation in the vadose zone. Laboratory-generated data at 50°C compared the (% non-aromatic)/(% aromatic) ratio and indicated that this ratio may provide good discrimination between coal tar vapor and common petroleum distillates.     

Fingerprinting of Gasoline and Coal Tar NAPL Volatile Hydrocarbons Dissolved in Groundwater

Accidental spills and chronic leaks of fuel oil or other hydrocarbon material (e.g., coal tar) often result in subsurface accumulation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), which can be a subsequent source of contamination in groundwater. Linking hydrocarbons in groundwater to a source NAPL has been difficult when using standard target analytes (e.g., BTEX) because of differences in partitioning properties of the analytes between the source NAPL and groundwater. Because aqueous solubility is predicted to be the controlling influence in the partitioning of hydrocarbons from NAPL to groundwater, a solubility-based approach to matching dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater to their source NAPL has been developed and validated for two sites with commonly encountered types of NAPL contamination. Specifically, a gasoline LNAPL and a coal tar DNAPL from two separate sites (West Virginia and California) and groundwater interfaced with these NAPLs were analyzed for approximately 50 gasoline-range hydrocarbons consisting of paraffin, isoparaffin, (mono-) aromatic, naphthene, and olefin compounds (PIANO). Solubility characteristics of selected alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons from the PIANO analysis were used to identify a set of diagnostic hydrocarbons, expressed as hydrocarbon ratios, which were found to be useful in distinguishing the source(s) of hydrocarbons in groundwater. At the West Virginia site, the diagnostic ratios in a downgradient groundwater sample were similar to those of a gasoline NAPL at that site, indicating the source of hydrocarbons to the groundwater was the upgradient gasoline NAPL. The diagnostic ratios of the groundwater in contact with the gasoline NAPL and the remote groundwater were also similar, providing evidence that the diagnostic ratios were retained during transport in the aquifer. At the California site, diagnostic ratios in a cross-gradient groundwater sample differed from those of the coal tar NAPL at that site, indicating that the remote groundwater hydrocarbons did not originate from the coal tar contamination. Environmental factors such as selective degradation of specific isomers and various geological conditions (e.g., soil mineralogy, and organic content) may confound the application of this solubility-based fingerprinting approach. Thus, it is recommended that multiple diagnostic pairs be simultaneously evaluated when considering this fingerprinting approach for specific sites and product types.     

富油煤热解产物在粉砂介质中的吸附行为研究

富油煤原位热解产生的油、气等有机物会通过岩层的压裂缝进入含水层,产生一系列环境行为效应.为探究富油煤热解产物对地下水的影响,以陕北榆神府矿区富油煤与含水介质粉砂为研究对象,采用批量平衡试验,开展了粉砂对煤焦油不同组分的吸附动力学与吸附热力学研究.结果表明：粉砂对煤焦油中酚油、萘油、洗油、蒽油、沥青的动力学吸附均符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附模型符合Freundlich方程,说明粉砂对5种组分的吸附为单分子层化学吸附;受富油煤热解焦油组分含量差异影响,粉砂对5种组分的吸附量表现为酚油<萘油<洗油<蒽油<沥青,其最大吸附量分别为0.4520、0.7926、1.9015、3.6336、11.8001 mg·g^-1,吸附量总和占煤焦油含量的68%~85%;随着温度的升高,粉砂对5种组分的吸附能力均有所减弱,表明升高温度不利于吸附行为的进行,且反应的ΔG⁰<0表明粉砂对5种组分的吸附过程主要以化学吸附为主且属于放热反应.     

固定化小球藻对海水养殖废水氮磷的处理

本研究利用海藻酸钠（SA）作为载体、以氯化钙（CaCl₂）为交联剂,探究小球藻最佳固定化条件及其对海水养殖废水氨氮和磷酸盐的处理效果.通过对比不同浓度SA和CaCl₂对小球藻生长的影响及不同固定化条件的藻球对氨氮、磷酸盐处理效果,确定最佳固定化条件为2.0% SA和2.0% CaCl₂.对比固定化藻球和悬浮小球藻对模拟海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐去除效果,结果表明固定化藻球比悬浮藻液对氮、磷处理效果更好.其中低接种率（1：10）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别为63.26%和62.76%.固定化小球藻浓度越高,其净化能力越强,高接种率（1：1）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别是85.16%和75.94%.连续流运行下固定化藻球对海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为84.49%和72.17%.小球藻固定化态保留并延长了悬浮态生长活性,提高了对海水养殖废水脱氮除磷效果.     

上海市若干环境污染物的诱变性

用中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(V_(79)),进行次黄嘌呤—鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶位点(HGPRT Locus)试验,检测了上海市若干环境污染物的诱变性。结果发现,污染物量与诱变性之间呈剂量—反应关系。所有样品经代谢活化后(加S_9),其诱变性均有增高的趋势。卷烟焦油、油烟冷凝物的T/C值均>3,而不加S_9的黄浦江水和自来水样,则对V_(79)细胞可能具有间接的诱变作用(T/C值<3)。